American Lesson Plan American Historical Association
After Indonesia declared its independence in 1945, the surviving education system was fragile and unorganized. In addition there was a shortage of teachers, as most of them had been Dutch or Japanese. During the Japanese occupation in World War II, the operations of the Dutch education system had been consolidated into a single operation that parallel the Japanese education system.
Public colleges with compulsory bodily education had been founded in 1872; the trend since 1945 has been toward individual bodily and psychological growth. The Soviet Union, after 1917, placed great emphasis on bodily education, …
